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dz̸ӢԱ

Դ::δ֪ | :ʲôappԿnbaֱ-Ƽ* | Ӱ

ժҪ
ԱڲͬƶȺ͹ж̶ͬȵشڡΪһձȻеõ䡣ĽӢеԱֱʽԭĻԴܽӢùԱӵķ
ؼ: ӢԣԱ;ԭ

Abstract
Sex discrimination exists in all the social systems and countries, and as a common social phenomenon, it is surly reflected in language. This paper lists out different forms of sex discrimination in English, analyses the social and cultural causes of such phenomenon and summarizes the corresponding methods of eliminating sex discrimination in English speaking.
Key words: English; sex discrimination; causes; methods of eliminating


УԶŮһͬʣĻ壬DzʹõĹ𽥵õḻͷչΪһһԼ׳ɵһֱ﷽ʽԱȻᷴӳһֵ˼άʽԱԱΪһ«Ӣʵ» “Ա”Ľǣ“ԱΪӣԶŮԵƫͳֵ䡷Ķ“һԱԱһԱԱԶŮԵ”ȻԱΪԶŮԵӣҲԱΪŮԶԵӡ“Ա”ͨǶŮԵӣǶŮԵƫŮλƽȵķӳ“ŮԳthe weaker sex/the second sexԵĺ͸ƷʹڱȨƽȵҲˡִŮȨ˶ҵķչǶһƽķͷӳ”[1](P80)ӶУ˶ֶԱӢҲ⡣
һԱ
һ˼ʳν
    dzν
˾ƺǵŮʱһЩʾܹϵdzƣsugar, darling, sweetie, girlie; ŮȴЩdzƺǵ˾Ů˾ҲƺǵְԱǣİӻܹϵȴdzƺŮӣ˵ӢŮԱλͣܵر١[2](P74)
ν
,Ůӻǰһø ,ɷ , : ,ﲽʱ ,ʦ:“I now pronounce you man and wife.”“man ,ŮMisswife󲻷ŮȨߺְҵŮ”[2](P74) ʱͳBill ClintonķHilary RodhamonҲΪԼ ,֧ѻŮԲӦע ,ֻӦע ,ӦעաHilary RodhamonһλŮȨ˶ ,ǰԼָɷԼҪ, ȴHilary RodhamonΪHilary Rodhamon Clinton, ΪHilary Clinton, ô, ܳѡ: Ҫô, Ҫôɷաɷչ֮ǰijƺ ,Ů޺ͳɷ˽вƲ, ɷ, ޷õɷƽȵȨδŮMissԸ, ѻMrs.Ladyɷϡ
ָν
1ᵽŮ˫ʱ˫ǴƽȵλŮ
King and queen, brother and sister, father and mother, boys and girls, husband and wife, Adam and Eve, man and woman, Mr. Lucas and his wife Louise.
2. һЩʽûԱ־Ĵ⣬ϰϰǵԴʿ
ӢPӢҵϰΪ professor, doctor, lawyer, surgeon, barrister, magistrate Ϊԣ˵My cousin is a professor ʱ˻϶professorΪԡҪ˵ЩŮԵģһǰwoman, lady, female ȡ:woman professor, lady doctor, female workerȣЩνԴʵ÷һ淴ӳеλϸߵְҵΪ¢ϣ෴teacher, nurse , secretary, model һΪŮԣΪʱǰҪmaleman,:male nurse, man teacherЩϰ߳ʷʵйأҲ˵һƫ
﷢չ
ȣ϶ӦĴ,ȴбŮӢͨŮʵĶﵽԱӵĿġеŮʶб,queen, lady, mistress, madam,Ϊ“è”“鸾”Լ“ĸ”,֮Ӧking, lord, master, father ȴ,罫ǵĸдΪ“ϵ”“”“”“”塣
ΣӢгһЩָijЩŮԡ
:bat(,,Ů);dog(,,ûгɾ͵Ů,Ů);chicken(Ů);cat(,ػĵŮ,ɱŮ);cow(ŮŮ,ֶŮ,еŮ,Ů);mutton(ŵŮ,ŮϸŮ,Ů)
ңӢлһЩɫ,רָ긾ŮĴʻ㡣
:trot(̫);hen(»긾Ů);warhorse(,ִֹŮ);crone(ɱƤ̫);hag(µϳ);witch(ϳ);biddy(฾);harridan(ݿ,Ƣϸ)


γ衶ȫ飬Ūأ“ˮɵòΪ”ڮŮ“鲻ר”“ȱ”ӢоƵ
Long hair and short wit. (ͷʶ)
When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women.
(ҪŮвǣë¿)
ԼŮ“”“”У
A woman’s mind and winter wind change a lot.
ķ磬Ůӵ---仯쳣
Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.
Ůӣˣ츲޳̬

 A fair face is half a portion.
 ɫޣױ룩
When the candles are out, all women are fair.
 ϨŮ
Daughters and dead fish are no keeping wares.
Ů
Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can.
ȢϱæŮ٣
There are many good women, it’s true; but they are in their graves.
ϺŮʵڶ࣬ϧڷԣ
He that has a white horse and a fair wife never wants trouble.
޿һѵð
 
һĺɯʿƣ“ߣŮ”Frailty, your name is woman Ůӵĵ“ˮ”
Woman is made to weep.
(Ůÿ)
Nothing dries so fast as a woman’s tears.
׸ɲŮᣩ
Woman is made of glass.
ŮӴิDz
Glass and lasses are brittle wares.
Ů۴࣬ɱ飩
ģְҵеԱ
ʾְҵ,engineer ,pilot, scientist ,writer, doctorpilot, scientist, engineer, pilotȶŮ,Դʻ,ûԵ“ʷԳռλ,ϰ߰ϵ”[3] (P210)ҪرָŮԴְͬҵʱ,ǰfemale, woman lady, ӶʹŮְҵڵʽϳֳ“б־”,woman doctor, female pilot, woman scientist, woman lawyerȡҵƹԱǷϰ,бķлʿ⡣ֻһЩλϵ׵ְҵ,nurse, secretary,ͳ뵽Ů,Եϰ߳ʷʵй,Ҳ˵һԱӡ

ӢԱԭ
һʷԭ
Ļͳ,һֱΪڴڡʥ,ҮͻΪ,Үͻǵ,ǵֻǵһ߹ǵܻ,һͳͰѴ̶,˱“ԵǴ츳”˵ʥ͡ϵ˵񻰳Դѧ˵ݡ“ǿ,Ȼϵǵµһ,е“”Ӧλߵ˳ߵ,Ͳϰߡ ” [4](P132)Ӣ﷨ûй涨“кŮ”,ڳڵϰ,Ϊ,ŮΪ,ŮֻǸԺĵڶԱŮ˳,ڷ˵woman and man ,she or he˸еϰߡ
ԭ
ԱӵĸԴ׷ݵʷǰʱŮݵԱɫԵļŮԼⷢ,ֲ,ǵԡĽɫ,ŮҪ,Ըչ˺ӡͥɼʳȡʱ,ŮɫȻͬ,ûһֵһĹ“IJϷչ,𽥴¸ũҵ,ռλ,Ůĵλ湩ʳĽͶ½”[5](P113)ʱ,Ů,ΪϷ̳,dz˵ɷıƲΪʹŮĵλ,ͳ߱Ůɷ,,ԼŮĸ淶ϰ׿ʼγɡĸϵ,Ůλ,,,ֹ𽥸ٹ,ΪȻֱʮ,Ůĵλ˺ܴĸ,ữƫữĹУͨȺ壬ĸѣԴ̺ʹڴý㲥ӰӣֽõġǶŮԵӺƫҲǴӸĸѻȺĽֱӻõģͨڴýõġӢУܴͳӰ죬ŮԵѾΪһֶѭ磬һ“virgin”“prostitute”ʣ뵽ľ“Ů”“Ů”˼뵽ǻֱָ“”“”
ԭ
ǵдҽԺӤÿճӤС϶˵Աıǣдţ“I am a boy”“It is a girl”.кijƺI, ŮȴitӤ֪ʲôʱǵĻԵӡǡӢhisָŮڵκ˵Ҳʤö١Has everyone completed his assignment?Everyone should do his best on the exam.hisѾŮڡȻŮоҵѡ١ȵͬһȨ,ȻŮȻıԵ,Ϊ“”(the weaker sex)“”(the other);ʼռλ” [6](P210)1980Ϲͳ,ӵԴ99%,ŮӵеԴ1%“˵,ŮԵƫгڵʷԴ”[6](P219)
ӢԱӵķ
ķչ͸ŮλIJߣŮȨ˶ĸǣеԱӵĺԽԽߡкֱ޳еԱӴʣsexist words˳ƴʷָԱ⡣ǴӢԱӴʵתʽѡǡ˳ƴԱĶԲ⼸нܺۡ
һ ԱӴתԱӴʣnon-sexist wordsķ
1 ʹЩڵĴʣԱӴʣ磺immigrant, voter, officer, coach, church member, grandparent, employee, testee, patriot, customers, dealer, clerk, civilian, politician, tutor, etc.
2.Դ׺-ess, ette, rixenne βĴҪʹòijԱӵĴ׺-or, an, erist磺actress →actor, administratrix →administrator ,suffragette →suffragist, usherette→ usher ,comedienne→ comedian .
3. дʱ֪˵ľԱʱòҪʹôͳDear Sir, Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam, ùְƴֲ磺Dear friends of the library, Dear Madams and Sirs, Dear personnel officer, Dear Committee Member, Dear Agent, Dear Director.
ܵ˳ƴʷָԱĶԲ
1.øʽ
Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.
Revised: When bathing a baby, never leave them unattended.
2.We/us/ourдԭ
Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.
Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.
3. õڶ˳
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
4.ñ̬
Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.
Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evilschooses both.
5. he and she/ his and her ,ʹõĴ̫࣬ô׸ s/heڱ¼(memos)(notes)߷ʽĽ̸֮С
6.ʻùͬ
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye, to keep him, two.
Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye, to keep a friend, two.
7.ýʹԺﵽƽ
磺A young child is often persuaded by advertisements to buy what he sees on television. When the child does shopping with a parent, she sees the product on the shelf, remembers it, and asks to have it.
Ӣѧ
Ӣѧѧ´Ա﷨ѧУͽʦԵϰáĻĴŲɵ͹áıŮԵķ̬,ԵĸĸҲҪһԽʦͬҲ縺һʥʹӢѧϰ,ʦҪ淶Լ,ڿϾԱƫ䡣Ȼ,ʦݽѧݰŮȨ˶Ӣгֵ´ʡ÷ڸѧ,ʶؼǿԱƽȵ˼,ѧ˽Ӣҵ仯Զ̬ӦǿŮӦñӡŮÿȻž޴ӰûŮ˾û˵ijɹŮԼǻ۽߾ȫʹÿͥḻʡ

ġᡡ
ʹ̸ķԲʱһҪһ“”ʹһַԲҪȡܷʹǵдỰ˳вﵽԤڵЧ“ǰŮ˼Ϊ,ŮԶ̫,ǵŮԾԶ̫,ʹDzܽԼľŻ”[7] (P331)ͳı׼䷨ȷ඼ȨƻṹŮͼҵµԺµѧʽŮʵӳҵظıȴ,󵨵ؽдʵ,ʹ´ʡƴд﷨ṹԶ븸ȨԵȨṹ,ΪŮѰһƬµĻռ䡣ŮĿں֮һ“ŮͨԻȫĽ”ң“һ澵,ԱԱ󲢲ԷűȻԾ,ضļֵ˼άʽеıȻӳ”[8](P287)ԱԵ,Եʹȴ԰ͼֵ,һɫʡҪ԰˼ʳνϵͳеԱ,ϴڵԱӹ,ԵıֻĻϲʵ֡
ԿŮҪ벻ƽҪиŬԶķӳĹ̡ɵ,µӻᷴӳԱӵ,ֻܼϣʵ,Ůƽȡ“ΪԲǽʹ,˼,ûΪ͹,˵˼άҲ޷չ”[9](P267)ԱӵĸĹ۲ܵȴȨʩ,ҪŮҵľ,ҪŮԼIJ롣ǿƺĻĽ,ͬҪĻŬǿԱҪDZҪ,ֻǹԵ,ŮԲֻΪŮ˵,ҲֻΪ˵Ҫ߳ӵ,·ԵԻ,ʵԵԻ,ڲԾ,“Ů˶ҪȡʵԵĽչ,Ůɵ,Ҫ緶ΧڹŮԵŽ,ҪѰΪһԵ֧,˸бҪǿԵĹͨЭ̡”[10](P113)

ο
[1] ײ,.Ļ[].:ѧо,1989
[2] .ҰԱ[].ѧѧ, 2004, 1ڡ
[3] 첮ͨ.ױѧʷ[].ɶ:Ĵ,1994
[4] ·,Ƽ.ӢеԻ[].ѧ,1998
[6] •ſ•¬. .ԵԴ[].Ϻ:Ϻ,2003
[7] ´,꽨,ҦԶ.ѧ[].Ϻ:Ϻ,1995
[8] .ӢеԱӼŮȨ˶ӢӰ[].ĴѧԺѧʽ,1999
[9]()•Ф߶.ŮȨʫѧ.ŮȨ[].ŦԼ:޶ͼ鹫˾,1987
[10]Ծ.Ӣı仯ʹӳĶԸŮԱ[].ĴѧԺ,1995


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