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һ

    ʷѧ2070侫Rob-inson (1984 )“ΪĿķ”ᳫѧҪʻѧĿѧĽ;Dz߽ʵIJԡ⽻ʲԵоʼϸ7080ٷչʱڡ1980꣬Canale&SwainĽģʽо(﷨ѧͲ)ľӰ죬ԽͽʲԵо˺ܴƽá“ʲоҹ˵һհ”(쿶1994)0ʮҹʲоȡ˿ϲijɼѧ߿ʼܹĽʲԵۣ(1992 )쿶(1994 )ׯ(1996)(2000)ȡййѧʲʵ֤оҲ𲽿չˣߺ(2000 )(2001)(2002)ȡӢサڽѧԽԽܵӣڵоҲʼǿԽʲԵо(ޣ2001;̷ѩ÷ųƽ2002 )Ŀǰодֽ̽׶ΣԽʲԽѧʵо١ľ۽ڽʲԵоҪͨѧʵоʲԽѧıҪԡʵʩȡõĽѧЧ

ʲԵ۽

    1ĺ
    ʷѧۻѧѧѧΪʯ“”( communicative compe-fence)һҪѧHymesChom-sky“”( linguistic competence )ġΪϵ“”δȫʾ˵ԵĽһʽգһںʱεءʲôʽ˭ǡʹʽнʵ֪ʶϵաһӵĸ漰ԡ޴ǡᡢĻȶأһֶ(ͷ)͸ֶ()ﵽijһضĿĵѧLittlewood򽫽¼:(1)֪ʶر˼;(2)֪ʶ˽Щ֪ʶڽе;(3)ѧϰʹʱӦԼλᄈܴߵķӦжϳǷǡ;(4})ѧϰ߱˽ԵẬ壬ʹӢﱾձܵԡӦ˵“”ΪĵĽʽѧѧȣȷʵ೤ΪԽѧȽƳĽѧ
    2.ʲԵĸ
    Ϊ˴ﵽѧϰ߽һĿ꣬ʷѧ̽ʻڿϼȲ֪ʶҲݣǽͻȡϢֶΡʲѧĹؼָѧϰδȫյڶʱΪʵֽĿģ﷨ʻ㷽ǷȱȡķøSelinker ( 1972)ģһʹòԣָѧϰԴ޶޷ijЩϢʱΪ˿˷ϰȡļܡCorder(1981)ʲԶΪ:“˵ʱΪ˱˼ȡϵͳļ”϶ǿԿʲֲѧϰߺͶԻ֪ʶIJȡIJԡ
    ȥѧ߶Խʲ˶ַ෽Tarone (1977)ѽʲԷֳ:(1)ر;(2)ת;(3)ĸ;(4);(5)ģ¼Taroneķ෨ԽʲԵоӰԶΪ˽ʲԵĻ͡
    Bialystok (1983)ѽʲ԰ϢԴֳ:ڵһԵIJ(ò)ͻڵڶԵIJ(ת)о:ˮƽϵʹûڵһԵIJԣˮƽߵѧϰѡڵڶԵIJԣΪ߶ѧϰߵˮƽҪߡ
    Farech&Kasper(1983)ԽʲԵĽ綨ͷ࣬ʲԿɷΪɾͲԣָһֻرܲԣɾͲָһֲԡѧϰƿϰرѣʹõľǻرܲ;ѧϰѰ;⣬õľdzɾͲԡ
    ڽʲԵоУȥѧߵоҪķԭʹõϣǾIJԱõĶַ෽ԼӲоһǶԽʲԵʶ⡣
    3.ʲԽѧ
    ʦѧϤֽʲԣԱܹʶʹøֽʲԡǽʲӢѧеľڷ(1)ѧԽ͵ʱҪֱͣΪṩֱ˼ά(2)ѧڱʱܻԥʱӲԵʹܹӿԣʦԴӿһЩؼʣѧݣΪΪĶԻ(3)ʦܶתγɽʹͿģȶǵĽǵĿỰܡ(4)ʦѧʹԣʹỰݸʵѧ˵ӢģΪʵĽ춨õĻоձΪ۴ʵǴӾʲԵѵӦᳫġ
Chamot & Rubin ( 1994)ܽһײѵķ:(1)ҳѧѧϰʱѾʹõIJԣ;(2)ͨķ²;(3)˵ֲԵ÷;(4)ΪʲôҪʹòԡʲôʱʹò;(5)ṩϰᡣ
    Cohen(1998)ֲѵʽ:(1)ͨѧϰܿ;(2);(3)ϰ;(4)鸨;(5)ֱӽԱ˽̿;(6)΢¼;(7)ԲѵΪĽѧ
    йؽʲѵ۲ʮ꾡ڿýѧרѵѧʹýʲоޡ(2002 )ʵйģϴһоǽʲѵijЧѵĶΪ109ڶΪӢĴѧ꼶ѧΪĸƽа࣬һΪʵ飬İΪ飬ȡʵÿܿεǰʮӽѵΪʮܣѵֲ:ر滻⡢תʹʡо֣ýʲѵѧʹòԵƵȺЧ;ʾʾѧԽʲԽѧĽѧЧձ̬ͬȡ

ʲԽѧо

    1.о
    ڴѧӢרҵѧУ߷ѧӢѵʱÿĵʱĸサͣͬԻرֱܲӰӢサЧӢ̲к漰ʲԷݣټѧֲýʲ˷ϰʹǵĽʱֺܲ롣мڴˣ߿չԵĽʲԽѧоҪ: (1)չʲԽѧıҪ;(2)ʲԽѧʵʩ;(3)ʲԽѧЧ;(4)ʲԽѧŵĽ׶Ρ
    о160ֺ칤ҵߵרѧУ2007ѧķӢרҵһ꼶Щѧ6ϵӢѧϰﵽеˮƽġƹ6ϵ˸רҵֱڱеĴѧӢ˵ε4ࡣ
    2.ʾ
    ʽѵʼǰȶѧĿサʼʹʾ飬ԱһȷʲԽѧıҪԡ麭ǵ:ѧʱѧϰӢĻ?Ƿѧサʻϰ?ѧڽϰ̬?ͨЩ˷Щϰ?
    ڻյ140ЧʾУǷѧʱӢϰ“”ѧռ49. 6%ϰ“”ѧռ42.3 %ʦ“û”ἰδϰѧռ48.3%ʦ“”ἰϰѧռ32. 2%ûʦ“ϵͳ”δϰ⡣ѧڽпサʱ43. 2%ѧ“”ʻϰ⣬27. 5%ѧ“ʱ”ʻϰ25. 3%ѧʻϰʱ“֪”ϰʱ55. 8%ѧѡ“رܻ⡢”“ĸ”
    йѧԣӢサʲԽѧѵıҪҪ¼:һҹѧѧϰĸʱ;߱˲ӢサʱҲܲԾʹýʲԣûʶʲԵĴãǰʹͨʹûرܡĸԡڶйԴ󻷾ƣѧdz˿ѵ⣬ûлʹӢڿϰĻҲޣǼԦӢIJҲͲô硣Ȼ󲿷ѧӢサҪĻʻ㣬ǶڽϰĴǣʹӢサʻIJ㣬ӶӰѧӢԵӡ
    3.ѧĿ
    һϵеоĻϣߵó½:ȣʹѧʶڵڶѧϰгֽϰͬѧһʵ;ΣѧսʲԵĸַ;ǿ˷ϰ;󣬹ѧǾϰʹýʲԣָֽʲԵIJ죬ѵĽʲԽӢサʵֽʵĿġ

ġʲԽѧʵ

    ڴѧӢѧʱ٣ҿαҲȱʲԷݡݽʲԽѧĿƳνѧʵķ;ݡѧڱеĴѧӢ˵ϣÿһΣܣǰΪһ׶Σȫϰʹýʲ;ڰΪڶ׶ΣҪǿѵ
    1.ʹýʲ
    һ׶εѵʱΪ180ӣһ׶ѧзdzؼص㲿֣Ҫ²ѵ
    (1)ʵ
    ѡȡһ׶ζԻ¼Ŀѧʶ彻ʲӢサеӦãǿʲԹע˵ڶԻԼͼ̸ȥȡķ
    Man; You know we wanted to fly to France next July……
    Woman; Yes... you meant to leave the car at home.
    Man; Of course:  Well, I called at British Airways yester-day morning.
    Woman; Did you?
    Man; Yes...and they told me all the flights are booked.
    Woman; Gosh, yesl
    Man; And obviously it’ 11 be difficult to book the ferry too.
    Woman; I bet it will.
    Man; Yes... the problem is that we’ve booked this hotel inParis.
    Woman ; Oh , what a nuisance } Have you phoned the ferrycompany yet?
    Man ; No , not yet.
    Woman; Mm, you’d better hurry up.
    Man; Yes... the children would feel very disappointed if wecouldn’ t go there. I wanted to take them to Eiffel Tower.
    Woman ; Oh , really?
    Man; Certainly.
    Woman:I’ve heard it’ s very expensive.
    Man; YesI see.
    Woman; How much to get in?
    Man; I reckon it will be25 or so.
    Woman; Mm, it costs too much.  However, I suppose it’sworth seeing.

    ѧԻ󣬱ѧϰҳ취Ҫҳ̸ֶԻ˳еľ彻ʲԣҪעŮʿõıԸλʿ̸ȥضĿǶԽʲԵ̶֪ȡ
    ڱָ£ѧǾ۲۷ҪʹԻϽȥͨ·:
    1)(:"Have you phoned the ferry company yet?"" Did you?");
    2)ø̾ʻӱʾȤ(:" Gosh , yes" Oh , what a nuisance!”);
    3)һ»ʹ̸ȥ(:"I’ve heard it’s very expensive.”);
    4)ʾ˵˶ijµĹע(:"oh really?" )    Ӣѧϰ߿ܺܶ඼֪һӢ͹ݵ˵Ĺ:һѧӢΣһ͹òʱҪͼǵԱ“Can I help you,sir?(Ҫʲô?)”ʱش˵" A cup of tea and…”Dz“”ô˵ʱб־һͼǾĶԻ:

    A:What’ s the English for this?
    B:Cock, Sir.
    A:What do you call a cock’ s wife?
    B ; A hen , sir.
    A:And what do you call a hen’ s children?
    B:Chicks, sir.
    A; And what do you call chicks before they’re born
    B:EggsSir.
    A:Very wellbring me two eggs and a cup of tea, please.
    еķѧdzʹ(Appealfor Assistance)Ǩز(circumlocution )(paraphrase )ͽƲ(approximation)Ƚʲԣﵽ˽Ŀģ˵ͨʹýʲԴﵽĿĵһܺõķѧͨζԻӡر̣ЧҲرԣһչʹýʲԵҰ
    ֮ѧϵͳؽܽʲԣҪתĸرܡȣͨʵһ˵ÿһֽʲԵʹ÷
    (2)ԱȽ
    ʦѧһ˽൱ӢĴʻܹýʲԣͿԳɹؿ˷ϰ⣬ʵֽʵĿġȻ󣬰ѧԱȷֽʲԣҳӳ˵߾нϸ߽ĽʲԣԱõؽн빵ͨ
    1)תԣýò;
    2)óɾͲԣûرܲ;
    3)ͬʡʵȲԣȲ;
    4)ʹõڶԣʹĸ;
    5)ǡ“”ԣԱѧϰ߽ͨ
    (3)ѵ
    ŽʲоIJˣԿýѧķҲЩѵʹöѧϰ߽ʲʹõʶʵʽʵָ÷dzԡ
    1)滻ͨʹѾѧĴʽ﷨һЩ´ʻѴʽнͻ滻ѧϰ߼ȸϰѧ֪ʶʵͬʱ˽( approximation )(paraphrasing )ػ(circumlocution )ȽʲԵá磬ڽڲôʱʹ¶ķн˵:classroom ;  a roomin which we have classes; dog; an animal we keep as a pet;happiness; pleasure, joy; A car is a vehicle in which we cantravel.
    ڿͨʻʽЩ滻ȴѧĴʻͬʱֶԵԲͬ׶εѧˮƽǺܺõѵʽ

    2)ԻԻΪճʵҪֶϰʹýʲԵ÷֮һڶԻУѧϰ߳ԸʵõIJԣϰﵽ˳ʵĿġ:
    A; Would you please pass me the knife?
    B:You mean the thing that can cut?(circumlocution )
    A ; Yes.
    A; How old are you?
    B:Wellthat’ s an interesting question.  Isn’t it strangehow people always feel that they need to know the age of a per-son? I don’ t really think that age is important at all.  I think Ican tell you something about my personal experience as a sail-or. . .(filler, avoidance)
    A: Can I help you?
    B:I want to buy a, an, air ball,(balloon )(coinage )aball made of rubber with air in it.(circumlocution )
    ΪĿĵԿУôԻʹѧϰ߸ϰʹýʲԣӶﵽĿġ
    3)ͼճϤͼλϰʹմʻ㡢﷨;ʽȹ̺˺Ĵʻ㣬ѧ˽ʲԵʹá:
    A. The roof of the house has three lines and three angles.(triangle )(paraphrasing );
    B. There’re many flowers in the garden, they’ re in differ-ent colorsred,  yellow,  blue,  green,  purple,  pinkwhite ,brown…
    C. The boy’ s toys are in some basic shapes, some are tri-angle , some are rectangular , some are round , some are squaresome are  star  shaped ,  some  are  diamond ,  some  are  heartshaped,...
    ͨϰѧϰͨϸ۲첢ʹԼԶñȽ׼ȷѧϰıؾ֮·
    (4)κϰ
    ¿κҪѧһӢɶԻʹѧʶĽʲѵǵӢͷ¼ԼڶԻʹõĽʲԡκĿھ˶ѧнʲԵǿѵ֮󹮹ѵЧһǿ佻ʲԹӶʹʲԴӳڵʶѧϰʹãգմﵽʶȻӦãΪЧĿͷ𵽻á
    2.ǿѵʲ
    ҹеӢѧϰ˽ʲԵʹãѧƽʱȱʻұĻᣬʹҪȻʱûġԣѧнʲԵǿѵбҪ
    ʲԽѧĵڶ׶ΣҪй̽ʲõϰÿοһϰʱΪɷңϰݴԺǿĽԽĽɣʹϰʵµĽʻʦӦ˽ѧѧϰʽ۲ѧʹõIJԣʵȻĽʻ˿ýѧǿɾͲѵΪѧṩϰ߽ʲĻᡣ

塢ʲԽѧЧ

ʲԽѧʵ󣬱Դ˴ʵЧ׶μʻֽһϸµʾȣͽʲԽѧЧԣǴӻյ140ЧʾͳƱз:νѧѵЩʱڿサлϰѧѵǰ53. 2%½ѵ6. 3%;ڶԻϰʱе֪ѧ31. 6%½4. 6%;Ӣサʱ֪δѧѵǰ6. 3%51.2% 88. 3%ѧڽӢǰˡΣͽʲԽѧѵĽ׶ζԣ48. 6%ѧΪѵڸн׶αȽˣ30. 3%ѧΪڳн׶ѵãֻ23. 1%ѧΪӦڴѧ׶νѵ󣬾ѵнеĽʻԣ58%ѧʾϲ42%ѧʾϲѧʾʲԵѵǵĿѧϰа
    ϽʲԵĽѧǵó½:1)ʲԵѵڿ˷ѧϰߵĽϰάֽijͨΪѧϰṩˣǿӢģ߽Ч;2)ӢֽĿģʵȻĽʻ˿ýѧʶѧĽʲӶ˷еϰ3)ʲԵѵѧ׶ξҪʼΪʱѧѾ˻Ĵʻѧ׶ûнУôһҪڴѧ׶νС4)ΪѧӢʱ٣ҽ̲ȱʲԵݣԽʲԽѧѵöڼѵķʽȽϿСʦӦѽʲԵϰᴩճӢνѧʵȥѧԱ㽫ӦᷢչҪ

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